INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: DeFronzo pointed out eight more factors, the so-called “ominous octet”, that contributed to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: IR of hepatic cells; IR of other target cells; decreased insulin secretion due to dysfunction of β-cells; disorders of incretin effect; hyperfunction of α-cells and, as a result, an increase of glucagon synthesis; increased lipolysis due to activation of lipases in adipocytes; increased glucose reabsorption in kidneys; and neurotransmitter dysfunction in the central neural system [7].