TNF and neoplasm: In recent years, it has been found that macrophages can be polarized into two different subsets of macrophages in different environments, in which classically activated macrophages have a strong ability to destroy microorganisms and tumor cells, and can secrete large numbers of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6.