Importantly, the results of these studies indicate that the release of VEGF in response to viral infection would not occur as an isolated event, rather being inscribed into a molecular network characterized by concomitant increases of proinflammatory systemic cytokines or chemokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), or unbalances in leukocyte subsets. Here, CCL2 is linked to viral infectious disease.