TNF and infection: These authors reported tilmicosin decreased intracellular infection (p < 0.01), had a protection effect on the mammary epithelial cells reducing apoptosis after infection by 80% (p < 0.01), reduced reactive oxygen species (p < 0.01), IL-1β (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01) and TNF-α (p < 0.05).