Other genes that were also upregulated in CDI symptomatic mice included inflammatory cytokines such as CXC motif chemokine ligand 2 (Cxcl2, 18.7 log2 folds) and 3 (Cxcl3, 17.3 log2 folds), C-C motif chemokine 3 (Ccl3, 16.8 log2 folds) and 4 (Ccl4, log2 14.9), interleukin 1 alpha and beta (Il1α and Il1β, 9.7 and 9.9 log2 folds, respectively), and interleukin 1 family member 9 (Il1f9, 13.9 log2 folds). This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and clostridium difficile infection.