TNF and lymphopenia: This manifests itself in neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and an exaggerated release of a myriad of different cytokines, predominantly interleukins IL-1, -2, -6, -8, -10, -18, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).