Ahlqvist et al., used cluster analysis to define five subgroups of individuals based on their diabetes characteristics and risk for developing diabetic kidney disease using six parameters (BMI, HbA1c, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin secretion (HOMA-B) [61]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.