However considering that, mainly due to tumor immune-escape mechanisms exploited by cancer and/or tumor heterogeneity, some patients with high PD-L1 expression do not benefit from ICIs as well as some patients with a low or negative PD-L1 expression; hence, there is an urgent need to identify other sources of both biomarkers and novel biomarkers with the aim to improve the selection of patients eligible for immunotherapy. Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.