LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It is important to note that only one work, a large-scale genetics-based analysis conducted by Venkatesh S. et al. in 2022, demonstrated causal association between overweight/obesity and PE: BMI was observationally (OR = 1.25) and genetically (OR = 2.09) associated with PE, and leptin, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance (each) mediated near 20—50% of the total genetically predicted association of obesity with PE [14].