For instance, in females with schizophrenia, there were statistically significantly greater concentrations of TGF-α (p = 0.006), IFN-γ (p = 0.005), IL-1β (p = 0.038), IL-10 (p < 0.001), IL-12p40 (p = 0.047), IL-15 (p = 0.001), IL-17A (p = 0.037), IL-1RA (p = 0.023), IL-5 (p = 0.006), IL-6 (p = 0.025), IL-8 (p = 0.004), and TNF-α (p < 0.001) and lower IL-3 levels (p = 0.046) compared with healthy age-matched females. Here, TNF is linked to schizophrenia.