GDF15 and hydrops fetalis: Unlike natriuretic peptides, which are secreted by cardiac myocytes in response to wall stress (due to pressure or volume overload), several studies have demonstrated that GDF-15 also represents the expression of several other pathophysiological pathways highly incriminated in HF, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and even reparative bioprocesses [10,17,18].