To confirm IGFBP2 induces immunosuppressive mechanisms and tumor progression in vivo, an orthotopic PDAC mouse model was generated by injecting Panc02 cells harboring plasmids overexpressing mouse IGFBP2 (Panc02-IGFBP2) and the empty vector (Panc02-EV) into C57BL/6 mice, respectively (n = 8 per group). Here, IGFBP2 is linked to neoplasm.