MTOR and alpha thalassemia spectrum: The most common genetic mutations in sporadic pNENs are MEN1, death domain-associated protein (DAXX), alpha thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked chromatin remodeler (ATRX), CDKN2A, and AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway-related genes, such as mTOR, PIK3CA, AKT1, PTEN, tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TS1), tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) (Table 4).