On the contrary, since the occurrence of micro-incontinence in PC was neither associated with NFKB1/2 nor cytokine profiles (IL-1A, IL-6, INF-γ, IL-1RN, TGFβ and IL-1B; data not published), it seems that the influence of the irritating effect of urine does not play central role in the development of penis cancer as observed in PLS. Here, TGFB1 is linked to penile cancer.