CSAD and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It has been reported that the levels of taurine are downregulated in cardiomyopathy, retinal degeneration, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, and obesity, while CSAD knockout mice exhibit altered histology of the lung, kidney, retinas, and pancreas, which indicated that taurine and CSAD are required for lung, kidney, immune function, etc [13,14,15].