VCAM1 and rheumatic heart disease: Rastogi et al. [2] found increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) and E-selectin in endothelial cells as well as hypermethylation of the ICAM1 promoter which increased ICAM1 mRNA levels in RHD patients.