TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obesity causes a state of a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation [45], with elevated levels of certain circulating proinflammatory adipokines, such as TNF-α, IL−6, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), angiotensinogen, and CRP [46], as well as lower levels of adiponectin [47].