PTGS2 and neoplasm: According to Wu et al. [220], 6-shogaol, one of the constituents of ginger, suppresses tumor promotion and inflammatory markers following TPA administration by reducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and blocking pathways upstream of NF-κB and activator protein 1 (AP-1).