MTOR and cancer: Plant-based chemicals have been shown to be effective in preventing cancer through a variety of mechanisms, including modulating HIF-1 production, stability, accumulation, and transactivation by affecting major regulators of the glycolytic system, such as glucose transporters, hexokinases, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase, with a focus on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways as critical signaling cascades in HIF-1 activation and autophagy-apoptosis pathways [25,26].