Although the exact contribution of calprotectin to MAFLD pathogenesis is not well understood, serum levels of S100A8/S100A9, which play a critical role in modulating the inflammatory response by stimulating leukocyte recruitment and inducing cytokine secretion, have previously been shown to be elevated in patients with NASH [14,31]. Here, S100A9 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.