OPLS-DA analyses identified IL12A, TNF, and TRAF6 to be among the most important genes for discrimination between colonoids cultured in the presence of fecal supernatants from CC patients vs. healthy subjects (Figure 4C); IL12A, TLR5, IRF7, TNF, IL10RA1, PTGS2, CXCL2 and CCL2 for UC patients vs. healthy subjects (Figure 4D); and IL12A, IL10RA1, IFNA1, and NOTCH1 for IBS patients vs. healthy subjects (Figure 4E). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is irritable bowel syndrome.