Treatment of A549 cells with lycopene resulted in inhibition of CS-induced OS in vitro by enhancing connexin-43 (Cx43) protein, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) and Nei-like DNA glycosylases (NEIL1, NEIL2, NEIL3) levels, suggesting that the carotenoid lycopene may have therapeutic potential in smoke-induced LC by modulating the expression of multiple DNA repair genes [76]. This evidence concerns the gene GJA1 and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft.