GRB2 and neoplasm: Observed protective effects of ALA showed in this study might also be explained by its antiproliferative actions investigated by other authors: the ability to induce apoptosis through activating pyruvate dehydrogenase in tumour cells, the ability to act on different signalling pathways (activation of AMPK and subsequent down-regulation of mTOR-S6 signalling pathway or Grb2-mediated EGFR down-regulation), or the induction of ROS production in tumour cells [33,34,35,36].