ACADVL and long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: Some researchers have found that a mutation in ADACVL causes the loss of VLCAD function, meaning that long-chain fatty acids cannot be oxidized and decomposed, finally resulting in very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD), which, in turn, impacts the heart, liver, and muscle functions in humans, dairy cattle, and dogs [31,32,33,34,35].