Interrogation of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has identified alterations in CSMD1 in many malignant tumours such as breast cancer (~5%), prostate cancer (5.7%), bladder urothelial carcinoma (8%), lung cancer (7%), ovarian cancer (7%), liver cancer (7%), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (7.4%) (Figure 2). Here, CSMD1 is linked to breast carcinoma.