NPPB and aortic stenosis: Confirming severe AS is critical, as aortic valve surgical or transcatheter interventions are recommended for severe aortic stenosis with at least one of the following, based on contemporary guidelines: symptoms, reduced LVEF, reduced exercise capacity or drop in blood pressure during exercise treadmill test, critical AS with peak velocity ≥ 5 m/s, brain natriuretic peptide biomarker > 3× upper limit of normal, rapid disease progression, or concomitant to other indicated cardiac surgery (in which case, moderate AS is sufficient for aortic valve intervention) [1,3].