Furthermore, hyper-inflammation, which is noted in patients with COVID-19 and is characterized by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulation, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor, may lead to the establishment of a highly permissive environment for the development of fungal infections by facilitating damage to the host, as the exacerbated production of these cytokines may disrupt homeostasis of the immune system and lead to its pathogenic activation, leading to tissue damage and fungal invasion [15]. Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.