AKT1 and freckles: Therefore, we concluded that, besides the effects of PBM on melanocytes and keratinocytes, 590 nm LED inhibited angiogenesis through the suppression of microvascular endothelial cells via the AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway and reduced the release of SCF, which might serve as a new strategy for treating melasma from three aspects (Figure 7).