MAPK3 and cancer: Since NF-κB cooperates with many other signaling molecules for inflammation-associated tumorigenesis [25], we also examined the effect of HGSL DHL extracts on the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which is a key molecule usually associated with cell proliferation and growth in the MAPK pathway, one of the signaling pathways that crosstalk with NF-κB in cancer cells.