Moreover, we also observed that through the IKKα pathway, renal ROS induce the activation of macrophages and the secretion of IL-1β, which recruits more immune cells (nucleated cells, including macrophages) to the renal tissues, leading to the increased formation of foam cells and increased production of ROS, which cause inflammation and fibrosis in the kidneys, resulting in CKD. The gene discussed is CHUK; the disease is chronic kidney disease.