HMOX1 and colitis: Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), which has a similar structure to FMA, was reported by Liu et al. to decrease MPO activity and induce the Nrf2/ARE pathway in colitis by upregulating Nrf2 protein levels, as well as mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 target genes NQO1 and HO-1 and promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation, which plays a protective role in colitis [40].