In this study, dietary histidine deficiency activated the NF-κB-signalling pathway to induce an inflammatory response, which further upregulated the mRNA levels of the proinflammatory factors tnf-α, hepcidin 1, cox2, cd80, and cd83 and lowered the mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory factors tgf-β1 and ikbα. Here, TGFB1 is linked to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.