GAPDH and diabetes mellitus: The qRT-PCR results showed that mRNA expression levels of certain antioxidant genes like GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), β-ACTIN (Beta actin protein), SOD2 (Superoxide dismutase 2), CAT (Catalase), PFK1 (Phosphofructokinase 1), PON1 (Paraoxonase 1), and GPX1 (Glutathione peroxidase 1) markedly boosted up (Figure 10) their expression and thus attenuated or delayed the appearance of diabetes-related pathological changes.