AKT1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Genes that are rarely mutated but rather typical in HCC include PIK3CA and PTEN (PI3K/AKT signaling pathway), KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF (RAS/MAPK signaling pathway), EGFR (growth factor signaling pathway), IDH1 and IDH2 (NADPH metabolism) [78].