Thus, a value of a PSA serum level at >4 ng/mL, recommended by most clinical guidelines as suspicious for PCa and therefore requiring the subsequent performance of a tissue biopsy, is often recognized in patients with non-cancerous lesions of the prostate including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [2] and prostatitis [3]. Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.