NFKB1 and cancer: Importantly, cytosolic retroelement-derived dsRNA has been shown to activate RLRs in hematopoietic development where inflammatory signaling by interferons and NFκB is induced [9,11], and in various solid cancers [3,53,54] where it can shape the cancer immune microenvironment and thus responses to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, for example (discussed further below).