PPARG and Lipedema: ZNF423 is a dominant regulator of early adipocyte determination. Ectopic expression of ZNF423 activates the expression of PPARG in 3T3-L1 cells, which enables these cells to undergo differentiation [43,199,200]. In addition, expression of ZNF423 was found to be induced by estradiol in breast cancer lines, indicating a link between dysfunctional estrogen signaling pathway and lipedema [43,58,200].