In HCC, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can produce cytokines to sustain tumor growth (i.e., IL-1β, TNF, IL-6), promote neo-angiogenesis via the VEGF pathway, and induce cytokine-mediated immunosuppression (i.e., IL 10, TGF-β). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.