Determining the role of PD-1/PD-L1, PD-L2, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs), and CTLA-4 in animal models of IBD, patients with IBD, as well as in CRC can provide insights into disease initiation and progression that may assist in identification of novel targets. Here, CD274 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.