The comparison of exosomal content in urine samples from PCa patients before and after the initial treatment showed that prostate-specific proteins (e.g. KLK2, KLK3/PSA, FOLH1, MSMB, ACPP, TGM4, NDRG1, and NKX3-1) and androgen-regulated genes (e.g., FKBP5, FAM129A, RAB27A, FASN, and NEFH) were significantly reduced in post-treatment urine samples, which were in turn significantly enriched in EVs containing bladder- and kidney-associated proteins [192]. This evidence concerns the gene NKX3-1 and posterior cortical atrophy.