Moreover, when HIF-1α was overexpressed in PANC-1 cells and MIA PaCa2 cells (human pancreatic carcinoma cells), GM-CSF mRNA and protein expression levels were also markedly increased, indicating that the hypoxia microenvironment could regulate the expression of GM-CSF through the overexpression of HIF-1α [172]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is exocrine pancreatic carcinoma.