PGF and breast carcinoma: Zhang et al. reported that MEG3 can suppress angiogenesis-related gene VEGFA, placental growth factor (PGF), bFGF, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and MMP-9 expression by decreasing phosphorylated levels of AKT and inhibiting AKT pathway, ultimately suppressing angiogenesis in breast cancer [74].