Accordingly, a TLR1 agonist has been designed [57] and applied for treating cancers such as leukemia [58]; oncolytic retrovirus taking advantage of TLR3-dependent apoptosis has been proposed for ovarian cancer treatment [59]; and a synergistic strategy combining a PLGA-particle vaccine carrying a TLR3/RIG-I ligand riboxxim and an immune checkpoint blockade has been proposed as an effective anti-cancer immunotherapy [60]. Here, TLR1 is linked to cancer.