TNF and neoplasm: It is worthwhile noting that a large panel of cytokines including MCP-1, M-CSF (CSF-1), IL-3, IL-10, IL-12, IL-16, MIP-1β, RANTES, TNF-α and TGF-β2 were upregulated resulting from autocrine effect in POSTN-overexpressing SKOV3 cells leading to potent enrichment of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment (Fig. 7).