PSMD1 and COVID-19: Of 20 samples from the SEN2 cohort (all with symptomatic P. falciparum malaria), 12 (60%) tested positive by S1 subunit ELISA, and 5 (25%) by S1 subunit ELISA with a 4 M urea wash (Fisher’s exact test p value = 0.243 for COVID-19 and malaria samples by S1 subunit ELISA with and without a urea wash) (Fig. 6B).