We may have underestimated the prevalence of CKD and the levels of eGFR in our study because we were unable to measure albuminuria, an indicator of kidney damage (J. Wang et al., 2017), and cystatin C, which may improve the accuracy of eGFR equations since serum creatinine levels are affected by age, sex, and protein intake (Chi et al., 2017; Chowdhury et al., 2019; Xue et al., 2021). Here, CST3 is linked to chronic kidney disease.