SOD1 and atrial fibrillation: The study revealed that AF provoked a pronounced state of oxidative stress, as demonstrated by a dramatic increase in the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease in reduced-glutathione (GSH) levels, together with a noticeable reduction in the enzyme activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) when compared to the control group.