IL-1β induces ER stress markers, which include binding-immunoglobulin protein (BiP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34), ATF4, XBP1s, and phospho-eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (p-eIF2), in the human pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 [54], which indicates that IL-1β is an important trigger to activate a wide range of ER stress markers. This evidence concerns the gene DDIT3 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.