Clinically, insulin resistance and altered IR signaling is linked to diseases such as diabetes, accelerated atherosclerosis, and fatty liver disease (31–34), whereas IGF1R mutations or IGF-1 deficiency cause pre- and postnatal growth retardation and specific defects in tissue growth, e.g., microcephaly (35, 36). The gene discussed is IGF1R; the disease is atherosclerosis.