MTOR and lung cancer: Since mTOR signal is a well-known negative regulator of autophagy (51), we then determined the effect of the UBE2C/CDH1/DEPTOR axis on autophagy and found that knockdown of either UBE2C or CDH1 induced autophagy, as demonstrated by enhanced LC3 immunofluorescent staining, LC3-I to LC3-II conversion, and p62 degradation in both H358 and H1975 lung cancer cells, which were partially rescued by simultaneous knockdown of DEPTOR (Figure 6E and Supplemental Figure 6, E–G).