Cystatin C not only has a stronger ability than serum creatinine to predict mortality and the development of end-stage renal disease in diabetic patients (46, 47) but also has a strong correlation with the poor healing of diabetic foot ulcers (48) and the risk of cardiovascular disease, which seems to be associated with promoting atherosclerosis through multiple pathways (49). This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and stage 5 chronic kidney disease.